Cali, Colombia 鈥� Under lush trees drooping with moss and vines, Carlos Hernando Molina whistles as he approaches a herd of brown cows.
This farm, called , has been in Molina's family since the late 1700s. For centuries his family's cows would graze in open pastures under the hot sun. But in the last three decades, Molina and his family have transformed El Hatico into a radically new environment.
"This is the best hotel for a cow," Molina says in Spanish, smiling under his white straw hat. "It's a hotel with controlled temperatures, very good quality food and the cows sleep placidly."
The controlled temperatures come from the trees. In 1993, the Molinas planted trees and plants across the farm's 130 acres, which now provide shade to cool the cows. Seed pods from and leaves of give the cows protein-rich nutrition.
This "hotel for cows" is something called silvopasture. That's the intentional integration of trees, grasses and livestock. Since adopting this system, Molina says they've almost doubled the number of cows they raise per hectare and 鈥� which they also slaughter for beef 鈥� make more milk.
That increase in productivity is why some climate researchers see this approach to farming as a key solution for reducing deforestation in South America.
Clearing land for cattle and cows is the . Destroyed forests shrink habitats for endangered species and release planet-heating carbon dioxide. The Amazon is specifically vulnerable because its trees create moist clouds that make rain. If too many trees are cut down , drying the region and releasing .
Ultimately, reducing beef and dairy consumption has to be part of the solution for saving the Amazon and reducing climate pollution, says Tim Searchinger, senior research scholar at Princeton University. "You're always going to benefit the climate more by eating less beef," he says.
Still, by increasing the productivity of cattle and dairy farms, silvopasture can decrease pressures to cut down rainforests.鈥� "The secret sauce in Latin America," Searchinger says, 鈥�"is that there are ways to do silvopastoral systems that increase productivity 鈥� severalfold."
More productive land
Across Latin America many dairy cows and beef cattle are raised in an "unproductive way," Searchinger says. You'll often see a few cows, scattered across small farms, not eating particularly well, he says.
"It's not a very friendly thing to think about," Searchinger says, "but the reality is that, depending on how well cows are fed, they reach their slaughter weight at different times."
In carefully designed silvopasture systems, nutrient-rich collections of grasses, leaves, and tree seed pods mean cattle can get to their slaughter weight faster. A shorter lifespan for the cattle means farmers can use less land, says Juli谩n Ch谩ra, a researcher at the who studies El Hatico and other silvopasture systems like it. And better diets can mean dairy cows can make more milk. Ch谩ra and his colleagues studied and found milk and meat production increased per hectare on all those farms.
Not far from El Hatico, at the , scientist opens a gate to show his experiments with two groups of beef cattle.
In side-by-side plots, one group of cattle graze under the sun, while the other is in a silvopasture system, with trees and special grasses. , a powerful planet-heating gas. "Always the silvopastoral system was performing better," Arango says.
Healthier soils
As Molina walks he stoops down to pick up some soil. It's black and soft, like coffee grounds.
Much like peanuts and other legumes, at El Hatico support bacteria that "fix" nitrogen, creating fertile soil without added chemicals. Since creating a silvopasture system, Molina says El Hatico no longer needs nitrogen fertilizers. That saves money, and reduces climate pollution, he says. Manufacturing chemical fertilizers is very energy-intensive and creates about .
The trees create shade, which cools the area and helps retain moisture in the soil, Ch谩ra says. El Hatico now needs less irrigation, which has helped them get through recent regional droughts.
Improved soil moisture and health is one way silvopasture systems can be an important adaptation for a warming world, Ch谩ra says.
A solution with limits
While tropical silvopasture systems can have climate benefits, there are limits, says , assistant professor of environmental studies at New York University. Silvopasture systems can increase productivity in the tropics, he says, but those gains can be more constrained by the lack of sunlight in , ..
And for silvopasture systems to fully protect rainforests they have to be accompanied by government regulations that penalize deforestation, as well as enforcement, Arango says. "Deforestation is not a policy issue but a police issue," Arango says.
Brazil has , with the government and cattle ranchers that profit from deforestation. Colombia has some , with more . Colombian after a 23-year low, largely due to illegal activity, the government says.
And while silvopasture can increase trees, researchers caution about overpromising the rewards. is a company that sells that promise to help farmers plant trees in silvopasture systems in Brazil and the U.S.. The idea is that by planting more trees, silvopasture systems can increase the amount of carbon stored on pastureland, says , chief executive of Working Trees. So far the main purchaser of Working Trees' offsets is , a private equity firm.
There's an inherent problem with the "" of this kind of tree offsets, says , senior fellow at the Kleinman Center at the University of Pennsylvania. Carbon dioxide stays in the atmosphere for , . Gonzales-Kramer says their offsets promise to store carbon for 40 years. 鈥�"Our contracts with farmers are 40 years, but we believe that our systems will be in the ground for way longer than 40 years," Gonzales-Kramer says.
Still, given the thousand-plus year heating potential of carbon dioxide, Cullenward says a belief in protecting trees for more than 40 years isn't enough. "鈥奣he atmosphere doesn't care about your intentions. It doesn't matter what your hopes or aspirations are. That equivalence is missing," he says.
Ultimately, while silvopasture can have benefits, Hayek says it shouldn't distract from the need to reduce beef and dairy consumption. "We need drastic reductions in the amount we're consuming overall," Hayek says.
A hotel for biodiversity
Driving through El Hatico, Molina points out a dozen dairy cows resting alongside a stream. White herons perch on the cows, including one heron that stands right in front of a cow's face. The herons eat ticks off the cows, which means the Molinas have to do less work to control the parasites.
Silvopasture systems can , says , a researcher at the University of Bristol veterinary school. 鈥�"Never as good as the forest," she says, "but better than the traditional pastures."
There are around 145 species of birds at El Hatico, 141 species of butterfly and 90 species of ants, Molina says with pride. The farm is full of the sounds of birds, including toucans, macaws and yellow-headed caracaras.
El Hatico is constantly welcoming South American farmers who want to learn about silvopasture. "From Argentina on up," Molina says. "They have experiences that can be taken as a reference so they can multiply this."
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